心杂音

定义

A 心 murmur is a sound made by turbulent blood flow in the 心. Some 心 murmurs may be harmless. Others may be a sign of a 心 problem.

心beat: Anatomy of the 心

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原因

Harmless murmurs are caused by the normal flow of blood. 的杂音 may come and go over time. Increased blood flow can increase the murmur sound. 的杂音 may be louder with:

• 锻炼
• 怀孕
• 极端的 焦虑
• 贫血
• 发热
• Hyperthyroidism

Abnormal 心 murmurs can be due to:

• Structural 问题 with the 心 valves. These are the most common issues. 他们 may have been present from birth or happened later in life. Examples include:
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic regurgitation
  • Tricuspid stenosis
  • Tricuspid regurgitation
  • Pulmonary stenosis
• Septal defects, or a hole in the 心's 在墙
• Patent ductus-arteriosus，不正常的 connection between major blood vessels near the 心
• Other issues present from birth such as:
  • 肥厚性 cardiomyopathy
  • Coarctation of the 主动脉
  • Hypoplastic left 心 并发症状
  • Ebstein anomaly
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
• Changes to the 心 because of 心脏病, 心脏衰竭, or long-standing high blood pressure
• 心内膜炎, an infection of the inner lining of 心 valves and chambers
• 风湿性 发热，which can cause inflammation and 心 valve damage. 这可以 happen if strep throat is not treated properly.
• Cardiac myxoma, a benign soft tumor within the 心. 这很罕见.

风险因素

Normal 心 murmurs are more common in children 3 to 7 years old. Pregnant women are also at increased risk.

The risk for abnormal 心 murmurs increases with any of the conditions listed above.

症状

Harmless 心 murmurs usually do not cause symptoms. 一个人 with an abnormal 心 murmur may have:

• Rapid breathing or trouble breathing
• 蓝色的嘴唇
• Lightheadedness and/or fainting
• 胸部疼痛
• Rapid or irregular 心beat
• 锻炼 intolerance
• Problems gaining weight (in kids)
• Belly swelling
• Enlarged neck veins

诊断

Most 心 murmurs are found during a routine exam. 的杂音 can be heard with a stethoscope. More tests will be done for murmurs that are causing 问题. Blood tests may be done to rule out other 问题. Images may be taken of the 心. 这可以 be done with:

• 胸部x光片
• Cardiac catheterization
• 超声心动图—to look at the size, shape, and motion of the 心

The 心's electrical activity may also be tested. 这可以 be done with an 心电图.

治疗

Harmless 心 murmurs do not need treatment.

治疗 for abnormal 心 murmurs will be based on the cause. Treating the cause may decrease or stop the murmur. The doctor may advise:

Surgery may be needed if what is causing the murmur is a severe problem. 这可能 include repairing or replacing a 心 valve.

预防

A healthy 心 may reduce the risk of some abnormal 心 murmurs. Steps may include:

• 吃一 健康的饮食 有足够的 fruits and vegetables.
• 定期 锻炼.
• 如果你吸烟， talk to the doctor about ways to 辞职.
• Follow a treatment plan if you have high blood pressure or diabetes.

参考文献

• 心脏杂音. American 心 Association 网站. 可用 at: http://www.心.org/en/health-topics/心-murmurs. 访问 2022年5月16日.
• 心脏杂音. American Academy of Family Physician's Family Doctor 网站. 可以在: http://familydoctor.org/condition/心-murmurs. 访问 2022年5月16日.
• 心 murmur in children. EBSCO DynaMed 网站. 可用 at: http://www.力学.com/condition/心-murmur-in-children. 访问 2022年5月16日.
• 心脏杂音 and your child. Kids Health—Nemours Foundation 网站. 可以在: http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/murmurs.html. 访问 May 13, 2022.
• 治疗 options. Temple Health 网站. 可以在: http://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/心-murmurs/treatment-options. 访问 2022年5月16日.